How does the Makeup Help to Define the Character

Viewing a film we focus on the most significant parts of sythesis of shot †cosmetics and outfits the entertainers wear. These two viewpoints help us to make in general look on a film and a unique mind-set. Here and there cosmetics can change an actor’s appearance absolutely †from attractive light man to fat a terrible dim haired man.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on How does the Makeup Help to Define the Character explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To accomplish this â€Å"transformation† visagistes resort to utilization of various sorts of cosmetics, wigs, dentures or counterfeit pieces of face (to make greater nose or lips). To show explicit highlights about character in front of an audience (theater) or on screen (film industry) experts use cosmetics (for instance, to show the difference in a character from a human to an unusual animal or from revolting to lovely). These days, viewing a film you can see that characters are depicted completely and in subtleties. For instance, a notable film â€Å"Dorian Gray† (chief Oliver Parker, 2009) recounts to the crowd the tale of the beautiful youngster â€Dorian Gray †who comes to London, as now he is rich; he has a tremendous legacy from his granddad. A painter Basil Hallward (Ben Chaplin) offers to paint Dorian for protecting his excellence until the end of time. Getting fixated on keeping up his excellence, Gray offers his spirit and wishes the representation to climate the breezes of time while he remains perpetually youthful. Though, after Gray’s wickednesses the canvas begins to uncover his inward grotesqueness to other people. From the earliest starting point of the film, Dorian (Ben Barnes) is youthful, attractive and has a great deal of punch. On showing up home, following 25 years, his appearance didn't changed as his excellence remained unchanging. He despite everything is fine and dazzling dull haired youngster with pretty grin. We can see the regular excellence of the entertainer (Ben Barnes), as he is shooting nearly with no cosmetics. Notwithstanding, different characters are getting more established and their age can be recognizable. For instance, Lady Victoria Wotton (Emilia Fox), an amazingly excellent and charming spouse of Lord Henry Wotton. Following 25 years Sybil has wrinkles, silver hair and eyes brimming with knowledge of elderly person. Ruler Henry Wotton, a companion of Gray, who was driving Dorian off track, additionally got old. Presently he looks as granddad with a long dark facial hair, wrinkled temple and habits of an elderly person. Basil Hallward’s excellence likewise met breezes of time. When Gray meets him, Basil looks more seasoned, with highlights of develop man on his face.Advertising Looking for exposition on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dorian’s appearance isn't changing ti ll the last scene of the film, when Lord Henry uncovers the mystery of Cray’s endless excellence †the work of art, however now not with youthful sweet and attractive, yet with old, monstrous and alarming Dorian †and burns down the composition. At the point when representation is â€Å"dying† Dorian is going to that terrible elderly person with wrinkles, old skin and corrupt injuries on face; and the Dorian’s picture turns into an artwork of that youthful and gorgeous man. With everything taken into account, the significance of cosmetics in the film business is extraordinary. Clearly 30-year-old on-screen character or on-screen character can't have appearance of a 70-year-old individual, that is the reason visagistes use beauty care products, wigs and different strategies to make explicit highlights of characters, which will assist the crowd with defining the character. Here comes the explanation and essentialness of utilizing cosmetics in motion pictur es. This exposition on How does the Makeup Help to Define the Character was composed and presented by client Casey Carter to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Many Waters Essay Example For Students

Numerous Waters Essay This book is around two kid siblings who went in too there mothers lab since she was a researcher and she had exmaraments in the room. At that point they where playing with the synthetics then the following thing they woke up on some outside island in shorts with a wreked pontoon behind them they had no food or garments. At the point when their family returned home and they found that they werent there and the examination was gone they discovered that they where moved to a foriegn is land and now they needed to assemble another recipe so they can get them and bring them back. So their mother got assembling and afterward she at last got she additionally caused one where they to can get back so she offered it to her little girl and her companion. So they went and they got them and afterward they returned and they where not permitted to go into the lab again so this wouldnt occur. BibliographyI picked it on the grounds that my instructor picked it for me. Book Reports

The Determinants Of Corporate Operating Performance And Institutional Ownership Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Abstract Purpose The main purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of corporate operating performance and also determine the interrelations between corporate operating performance and institutional ownership structure. Design/methodology/approach Eight year period (2002-2009) panel data of 913 non-financial Malaysian companies listed in Main Board of the Bursa Malaysia was used. We conduct a multivariate analysis and used a combination of time-series and cross-section data. The Panel data analysis applied by using Eviews software to run two-stage least squares regression analysis due to generalized least square (GLS). Findings Number of all institutional ownership as one of governance variable and other fundamental variable such as leverage, growth, profitability, size, and risk are significant related with the firms operating performance. Moreover, the other two variables which are fraction of shares owned by five biggest institutional investors and liquidity are not significantly impact the firms performance. Practical implications These results provide Malaysian listed companies with an insight on how to increase their corporate control mechanisms so that improve their operating performance. These findings can also serve as a useful reference and guidelines for companies and the academics that concern to the future competitive decision making and competitive strategies for the companies. Originality/value These results confirm the previou s finding that there is significantly positive relation between operating cash flow return of non-financial Malaysian listed companies with the institutional ownership which represent the corporate governance and other fundamental variables. This study further used in order to improve the companys performance especially in operating performance. Introduction There are three forms of business enterprises, one of it is corporation. The corporation comprises three sets of distinct interest which are shareholders (the owners), the directors, and the corporation officers (the top management). Mostly, the companys direction, policies, and activities are controlled by the shareholders. The directors and top management will manage the operation of the company in the best interest of the shareholders. The expansion in the size and activities of corporate organization can cause the corporate managers to add their own interests or accrue benefits to themselves at the expense of their shareholders. To prevent this problem, the board of directors must ensure that the quality and mechanisms for monitoring corporate organizational activities should function effectively. If the company does not control properly, the interest of investors and creditors could be jeopardized. This different interest between shareholders and managers can result in agen cy problems for the company. Actually, there are several mechanisms can be used to reduce the agency problem. One of those mechanisms is through ownership structure. Khan et al. (2005) stated in the study that institutional investors have taken to issuing shareholder resolutions, described by Wilcox (2001) as the institutional owners most powerful tool for influencing corporate governance. Institutional investors have usually willing to increase their ownership in the firm, so that they can used right of the ownership to pressure managers to perform in the best interest of the shareholders. According to M. M Cornett et al. (2005), there has been an increase focus by regulators and researcher on role in the monitoring, disciplining, and influencing of corporate managers when the investors increase their ownership share in the firm. Therefore, concentrated ownership by institutions can increase managerial monitoring and thus improve corporate performance (McConnell and Servaes, 1990). In this study, firstly we examine the relationship between involvement of the institutional investor and the operating performance of the company, especially on how institutional ownership concentration and dispersion affect the performance of the operating activities. According to M.M. Cornett et al. (2007), they find that a significant relationship between firms operating cash flow returns and both the percent of institutional ownership and the number of institutional stockholders. And secondly, this study also contributes to observe the other determinants of operational performance in the Malaysian companies other than institutional ownership. In this case, we used several control variables which can affect the firms operating performance. This paper contributes to the Malaysian listed companies. Two motives support our research. First, our result of this study could have important policy-making implications. For example this study examines the determinants of the corporat e operating performance in Malaysian company through various factors that affect firms operating cash flow return. These could help the company increase their operating performance. Second, the study is likely to be interest to the investors, policyholders, and others concerned with corporate financial strength. In this study we also consider the ownership structure focus on institutional ownership as one of the factor that can affect operating performance. Empirical evidence suggesting a relationship between operating performance and institutional ownership could influence the business decisions of prospective investors and managers. Our study follows the research design of Aloke Goshs (2001) which takes operating cash flows to measure the operating performance of the company. However Aloke Goshs used operating cash flow to find the relationship of operating performance and corporate acquisition. As to the statistical method, panel data occur when observations are available with both a cross-sectional and a time-series dimension. We employ generalized least squares method to conduct the analysis. Using a sample of 928 non-financial Malaysian listed companies which are listed in Main Board of Bursa Malaysia during the eight year period 2002-2009, we find that the result support the hypothesis that the fraction of shares owned by five biggest institutional investors has impact on the corporate operating performance. However, the finding do not support for the view that the number of all institutional investor for Malaysian listed companies has impact on the firms operating performance. Furthermore, for the control variable that we used, all the variables are significantly related with the operating performance except the liquidity. The rest of this paper is presented as follows. Section 2 summaries the recent empirical evidence and hypothesis development concerning of the institutional ownership and operating performance. The research design, including the source of data, the methodology used and definition of the variable are described in Section 3. Section 4 present and discussed of the result of empirical study. And finally, in section 6 conclude the result of the study. Literature review and research proposition Several studies have been done to measuring corporate operating performance. Mostly, the study was being related with companys ownership structures. Demiralp et al. (2010) found new evidence that the monitoring activities from institutional ownership around public equity issues can benefit the company and it is likely to be especially important. Moreover, the improvements in operating performance are also associated with institutional monitoring during the beginning years of following the equity issue institutional investors have an informational advantage that enables them in identifying and investing in firm with better performance. The activity of institutional investor, like forced CEO turnover will also reveal the performance of the firm. For instance, based on Jensen and Murphy (2010), CEOs face pressures to keep open uneconomic factories, to keep the peace with labor unions despite the impact on competitiveness and to satisfy intense special interest pressures. Therefore, the most effective tools in supporting executive and shareholder interest are monetary compensation and stock ownership. Large companies and their shareholders will continue to suffer from poor performance until the directors recognize the importance of incentive and adopt compensation systems that truly link to pay and firm performance. Brickley et al. (2002) suggest that institutions that are less subject to management influence, such as mutual funds, foundations, and public-employee pension funds, are more likely to oppose management than banks, insurance companies, and trusts, which frequently derive benefits from lines of business under management control. Bhagat and Bolton (2008) found that stock ownership of board members can reflect better governance in such company, and separation of CEO-Chair is significant and positively correlated with better simultaneous and subsequent operating performance. Previous study also proved that large shareholders are active monitor in companies, and that direct shareholder monitoring helps boost the overall profitability of firms (Maher and Andersson, 1999). Agrawal and Knoeber (1996) suggested that cross- sectional OLS regressions of firm performance on single mechanisms may be misleading. They found the relationship between firm performance and four of the mechanism. Insider ownership was positively related to firm performance, while outsiders on the board, debt financing and corporate control activities were negatively related to the firm performance. Then, in the expanded OLS regression, the relationship between insider shareholding and firm performance disappeared but nothing else changed. In the simultaneous equations estimation, the effects of insider shareholding, firm debt, and corporate control activity all were statistically insignificant. Only the effect of outsiders on the board of directors persisted. This evidence also agreed by Gà ¼rbà ¼z et al. (2010) whereby there is positive influence of corporate governance and institutional ownership on financial performance. According to Brown and Caylor (n.d.) on corporate governance provisions that have recently been mandated by the three major U.S. stock exchanges but only one of them, nominating committee is comprised solely by independent outside directors, which is significant and positively associated to firm operating performance. The finding confirms that the corporate governance mandated by major U.S. stock exchanges are not more closely linked to firm operating performance than those are not so mandated. On the other hand, Ponnu (2008), by focusing on two governance parameters, board structure and CEO duality on firm performance, in the context of Malaysia is lacking. Using samples of large publicly traded Malaysian companies to examine the relationship between CEO duality and the proportion of independent directors on firm performance as measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Results show th at there is no significant relationship between corporate governance structures and company performance. In addition, Ming, Gee and Lee (n.d.) examine the impact of ownership structure on the corporate performance of Malaysian public-listed companies for period 2002 to 2004. They found that Malaysian companies are significantly different as compared to that which was found in earlier studies for American companies, whereby, insider and institutional equity shareholdings do not impact the corporate performance of Malaysian public-listed companies. In the case of Malaysia, since 2000, Malaysian companies had also failed to influence shareholder value creation. The declining of investors confidence in Malaysia was caused by poor corporate governance standards and a lack of transparency in Malaysian financial systems. The results suggest that institutional shareholders had failed in their monitoring role and corporate governance standards. Similar evidence represented by Farooq ue et al. (2007). They suggest that ownership does not have a significant impact on performance (Tobins Q or ROA). However, performance does appear to have a significant negative impact on ownership. Other than that, according Ping (2008) there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between insider ownership and corporate performance. There is significant and negative relationship between government institutional ownership and incorporated companies ownership to the corporate performance. Ping (2009) also added that the tremendous corporate performance means it is unlikely that shares promised by directors and supervisors will meet a situation in which there is a lacking assurance. Therefore, for the reason of improvement of management effectiveness and boost corporate performance, the directors and supervisors will be more willing to make an endeavor in monitoring the company. Demiralp et al. (2010) stated that obtaining the information of managerial effectiveness, means that in stitutional investor will bear the cost on it. As they have large quantity of shares, they can take advantage of the economies of scale in these costs. Moreover, if the institutional investors organize their activities to be more on governance, it will affect the significant enhancement in the corporate performance. However, from another viewpoint, where directors and managers have more shares mortgaged/pledged, they will be more determined to keep the companys share price through depraved means. This may bring to unsteady corporate performance. According to Cornett et al. (2007) there is relation linking the institutional investor participation in and the operating performance of large  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rm. They found a important relation between firms operating cash flow returns and both the percent of institutional stock ownership and the number of institutional stockholders. These results confirm that institutional investors with impending business relations with the firms in which they invest are negotiated as monitors of the  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rm. In addition, the empirical results in the paper lead us to validate a positive relation between measures of institutional investor concern and a firms operating cash flow returns. In addition, institutional investors are regularly seen as potentially one of the most vital agents to supervise firm management. However, the variety in their composition, outlooks and goals of these institutional owners result in considerable heterogeneity in their trading manners and their relationship to firm performance (Pallathitta, 2005). In this study, dependent variable that will be used to measure operating performance is operating cash flow which is similar with previous study Wong Shi Yang et al. (2009) and Ghosh (2001). According to Zeitun (2009) that investigates the performance and failure in Jordanian companies during 1989-2006. The empirical evidence in this paper shows that ownership structure and ownership conc entration play an important role in the performance and value of Jordanian firms. It shows that inefficiency is related to ownership concentration and to institutional ownership. Firms profitability ROA was negatively and significantly correlated with the fraction of institutional ownership, and positively and significantly related to the market performance measure. The paper also used ownership structure to predict the corporate failure. The results suggest that government ownership is negatively related to the likelihood of default. Furthermore, a certain degree of ownership concentration is needed to increase the firm chance of default. We adopt the term and schemes used in the literatures above and look at the corporate performance as a function of the number of institutional ownership and other supporting variables. Based on the recent evidence, we come out with the following research proposition: The corporate performance will be positively correlated with the number of institutional ownership in the company and the stockholdings percentage of biggest institutional investor. Methodology Data The data used for this study is non-financial Malaysian companies in eight years periods, during January 1, to 2002 to December 31, 2009. The sample period that we selected provides a focus figure in current economic with using the latest data of Malaysian companies. To enhance the accuracy of empirical results, the list samples used in this study are obtained from the companies which listed in which listed in Main Board of the Bursa Malaysia. Companies in the financial industry had been excluded because of their financial structure different from other industries. Moreover, companies which did not have complete data were also excluded in our sample study. All the data are collected from Datastream. This study has panel data which comprises of 913 companies. The number of effective observations totals 7304 (913 companies x 8 years) for our final analysis. Model In this study, we conduct a multivariate analysis to identify the factors that may influence the corporate o perating performance. The regression also includes the variables related to the corporate governance as an independent variable and a few control variables as determinants of operating performance of the company. We used a combination of time-series and cross-section data. The panel data analysis will be applied. Eviews software was used in this study to run two-stage least squares regression analysis due to generalized least square (GLS). The generalized least squares (GLS) multiple regression model as follow: OCF it = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1ln(NIOWNit-1) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2FIOWNit-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3PROFITit + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4LIQUIDit + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5GROWTHit + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6LEVit + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7ln(SIZEit ) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²8RISKit + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi Where: OCF = Cash flow from operating activities measure operating performance of the company as a dependent variable; NIOWN = ln (the number of institutional investors holding sto ck in firm) lagged one year; FIOWN = Fraction of shares of the firm owned by institutional investors (lagged one year); PROFIT = profitability of the firm; LIQUID = liquidity of the firm; GROWTH = growth of the company represented by percentage growth of total asset; LEV = leverage of the firm; SIZE = company size, measured by ln of total assets; RISK = business risk of the company; The dependent variable used is OCF. This variable is estimated by dividing the cash flow from operating activities to lagged of total assets. This approach is based on study of Wong Shi Yang et al. (2009). On that study, the writer used OCF as one of the control variable. However in our study, we used OCF as dependent variable to measure the sensitivity of operating performance of the company. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±0 is the constant, which is assumed to be identical for all panel members. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1itÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²8it are the parameter coefficients to be estimated. The notation ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µit represent an error term assumed to have a zero mean and constant variance. Variable Independent variable In this study, we include two corporate governance variables as an independent variable to find the relation between institutional investor involvement and the firms operating performance. There is a positive relation between measures of institutional investor involvement and firms operating cash flow performance (Cornett et al., 2006). Kee H. Chung and Hao Zhang (2008) measure firms institutional ownership by the ratio of number of shares held by institutional to the total number share outstanding. The independent variables which we used in this study are according to the study of Qiang Li et al. (2006). We used two variables to represent the institutional ownership, these variables are defined as follows: The number of institutional investors holding stock in firm (NIOWN): this variable was represented a s the total number of institutional investors in the institutional ownership structure (khan et al., 2004). Berle and Means (1932) stated that it accounts for the dispersion of ownership among institutional investors. Fraction of shares of the firm owned by institutional investors (FIOWN): this variable was measured as the percentage of equity owned by the largest institutional investor. Based on Thomsen and Pedersen (2000), previously in studied about the effectiveness of institutional investors in monitoring managers, this variable has been used as one of its measurement. Control variable Our primary focus is on the determinants of the firms operating performance. Previous empirical studies have adopted a variety of control benchmarks. It revealed that not only corporate ownership structure as one of the factors that can affect corporate performance but also board size, dividend payout ratio, advertising and RD expenditure rate, financial leverage (debt-equity ratio), ass et scale and asset growth rate (Lee Shin-Ping et al., 2008) .These are necessary control variables for our analysis: Profitability: We measure the firms profitability by return on assets (ROA). Other approaches usually used to measure the profitability of the company are earning per share (Qiang Li et al., 2006) and return on equity (Karake, Zeinab A., 1996). Liquidity (LIQUID): this variable was defined as cash and cash equivalent current assets over current liabilities. This measurement is based on study of Adams, M. B. et al. (2000) and Abe de Jong (2008). Growth of total assets (GROWTH): asset growth rate can be used to measure the growth opportunities of the companies. Based on Mak and Li (2001) and Chou (2002), a higher asset growth rate indicates that the company has more investment opportunities, so the rate will also be enhance accordingly and it also will affect the firms operating performance. We measure the growth by the percentage growth of total asset. Another way can be used, such as using Tobins Q (market value/assets; Wright et al., 1996) Leverage (LEV): financial leverage can be affected by firm-specific real characteristics that affect the supply curve of debt offered to the firm, or the firms demand for debt (Lee Shin-Ping et al., 2008). Leverage was measure as the ratio of total debt divided by total asset. Karake, Zeinab A. (1996) stated that other measurement of this variable is by ratio of total long-term debt to total assets. Company Size (lnSIZE): this variable was measure as the natural log of total assets. We can eliminate extreme values in the data using the logarithmic transformation (Adams, M. B. et al., 2000). Another approach to determine the company size is by using the logarithm of sales (Khan et al., 2004). Business Risk (RISK): Business risk is also used as one of the control variable of this study. Companys business risk is defined as standard deviation of operating income over the total assets during the sample period. The measurement of business risk of the company is based on the study of Abe de Jong (2008). Multiple regression analysis was used to test the main hypothesis of this study, employing the measure of OCF as the dependent variable, institutional ownership structure as independent variable and controlling for profitability, liquidity, growth, leverage, size, and business risk. Results and Findings Correlation between variables Table I represent the correlation among several variables used in the model. We need to find the correlation between them, especially independent variable, in order to ensure that there is no significant relation among them. This is because if there is high correlation between independent variable, the sample output might result insignificant value. As we can see from the Table I, the independent variable which is growth rate (%) as measured by total asset growth is significant and positively correlated with our dependent variable, operating performance, as measure of the cash flow from operating activities divided by lagged of total asset. The incremental of total asset in a firm to generate sales or revenue can increase the cash flow from operating activities (EBIT), then it can increase the net income to be distributed either to the shareholder as positive signal to them or retained for the investment activities of the firm. In contrast, th e relationship between operating performance with leverage and risk level is negative. High level of leverage can diminish the operating performance because the EBIT will be reduced by amount of interest paid to the bondholders and reduce the amount distributed to the shareholder. In common situation, the firms with very high debt level will provide negative signal to the potential investors. Table I: Correlation matrix between variable Correlation Probability OCF NIOWN FIOWN PROFIT LIQUID GROWTH LEV SIZE RISK OCF 1.000000  NIOWN 0.108811 1.000000 0.0000***  FIOWN -0.022532 0.184856 1.000000 0.1987 0.0000***  PROFIT 0.132623 0.016716 0.010492 1.000000 0.0000*** 0.3404 0.5496  LIQUID 0.030401 -0.027464 -0.020570 0.044656 1.000000 0.0829* 0.1172 0.2407 0.0108**  GROWTH 0.384884 0.095961 0.013815 0.028094 0.013683 1.000000 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.4307 0.1090 0.4351  LEV -0.147647 0.166759 0.036129 -0.180007 -0.237201 -0.007190 1.000000 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.0393** 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.6818  SIZE 0.133359 0.151981 -0.016191 0.125630 -0.101388 0.074725 0.040599 1.000000 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.3558 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.0000*** 0.0205**  RISK -0.021564 0.120459 0.036150 0.005453 -0.026012 -0.009433 0.158254 -0.135214 1.000000 0.2187 0.0000*** 0.0392** 0.7558 0.1379 0.5906 0.0000*** 0.0000***  Covariance Analysis: Ordinary Sample (adjusted): 2004 2009 Included observations: 3255 after adjustments Balanced sample (listwise missing value deletion) Notes: the statistics reported are the Pearson correlation coefficients between all variables used in tha analysis. *, ** and *** indicate corellation coefficient is significant at the 1%, 5% and 10% confidence level respectively. Descriptive statistics Table II shows the descriptive statistics of the operating performance for 913 companies listed and 3255 observations in Malaysia. As we can see in Table II, we find that the average fraction of all institutional ownership in Malaysian companies is quite lower as compared to companies in US, since the fraction of institutional ownership in Malaysia (18.17%) is triple lesser than in US (59.40%) as reported by Cornett et.al., (2007). Number of institutional investor in Malaysia shows the average of 0.4430. It means the companies in Malaysia have low average of inst itutional holding than Turkish companies that have highly concentration of ownership, which is 0.6201 (Arslan and Karan, 2006). In the fundamental variable, our study finds that the mean value of growth rate of companies in Malaysia during that period is 14.95%. It is sound to point out that Malaysia has favorable economic growth rate in that period. The average level of leverage in Malaysia which is ratio of total debt total assets is 24.35%. This is lower than the mean leverage ratio in Turkish companies, which is 52.07% (Arslan and Karan, 2006). Table II: Descriptive Statistics OCF (ratio) FIOWN (%) NIOWN (%) GROWTH (%) LEV (ratio) LIQUID (ratio) PROFIT (%) RISK (ratio) SIZE (RM MILL) Mean 0.0596 18.1788 0.4430 14.9477 0.2435 2.7435 3.9019 0.08871 2.2472 Median 0.0506 0.0000 0.0000 3.7900 0.2110 1.6890 4.3700 0.03951 0.2366 Max. 3.0085 99.000 29.0000 8990.5400 10.2730 99.1100 771.4500 10.9213 309.2460 Min. -1.0850 0.0000 0.0000 -99.1900 0.0000 0.0000 -137.3200 0.0002 0.0000 Std. Dev. 0.1351 26.4091 2.2226 223.1636 0.3009 3.9555 18.0280 0.4776 13.4158 Obser- vations 3255 3255 3255 3255 3255 3255 3255 3255 3255 Sample: 2002 2009 Liquidity is the ratio of current assets to current liability. We find that mean value of liquidity level in Malaysia is quite high, 2.7435. According to Mike and Adam (2000), high liquidity obviates the need for management to improve annual operating performance. However, high liquidity could increase the probability of higher agency costs for the owners by providing managers with incentives to misuse the excess cash flows by investing in project with negative net present value. Profitability ratio as measured by return on assets shows the mean value of 3.9019 on percentage points. During this period, Malaysian companies are favorable because the average risk level is quite low, 0.0887. Finally, the firm size is measured as adjusted natural logarithm of total assets. The average size of companies in Malaysia is 2.2472 mill denominated in Ringgit Malaysia. Table III presents the regre ssion output that examine whether the governance and other fundamental variables are associated with the firm operating performance in Malaysia. The regression above is estimated using generalized least squares. From Table II, we find that the type of institutional ownership variable has a significant impact on the firm operating performance. The coefficient on the number of institutional investor holding stock in the firm in Malaysia is significantly positive correlated, 0.002935, and significant at a better than a 1% significant level (t-statistic = 11.8769). The increase of the number of institutional investor would increase the firm operating performance by 0.29 percentage points. Our finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the number of pressure-insensitive institutional ownership (NIOWN) that is represented by the investment company holding in the firm has relationship with the firm operating performance. Moreover, the economic impact of percentage institutional o wnership is relatively important. Thus, we also need to measure whether the percentage of institutional investor has an impact on the firms operating performance. The coefficient on the fraction of institutional investor holding stock in the firm is insignificant and effectively zero, -0.000077 (t-statistic = -1.0715). Table III: Regression coefficient of operating performance Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ãƒâ€š NIOWN 0.0029 0.0002 11.8769 0.0000 FIOWN -7.73E-05 7.21E-05 -1.0715 0.2840 GROWTH 0.0002 1.53E-05 14.1964 0.0000 LEV -0.1282 0.0051 -25.0485 0.0000 LIQUID -9.69E-05 0.0001 -0.6716 0.5019 PROFIT 0.0003 7.47E-05 3.9049 0.0001 RISK 0.0048 0.0026 1.8897 0.0589 SIZE 0.0107 0.0007 16.2080 0.0000 C -0.0477 0.0074 -6.4285 0.0000 Weighted Statistics R-squared 64.62%   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Durb in-Watson stat 1.8875 Adjusted R-squared 64.49% S.E. of regression 0.1180 F-statistic 519.8852 Prob(F-statistic) 0.0000 Dependent Variable: OCF Method: Panel EGLS (Cross-section weights) Sample (adjusted): 2005 2009 Periods included: 5 Cross-sections included: 642 Total panel (unbalanced) observations: 2572 Iterate coefficients after one-step weighting matrix White cross-section standard errors covariance (d.f. corrected) Convergence achieved after 11 total coef iterations This result is contrary to the previous paper (e.g., M.M. Cornett et.al., 2007) and not consistent with the hypothesis that the fraction of institutional ownership (FIOWN) that is represented by the percentage of biggest institutional investor holding in the firm has relationship with the firm operating performance. Accordingly, the insignificant regression coefficients are not entirely surprising. This may reflect the fact that our sample includes only fir ms listed on Malaysian Stock Exchange. In this study, we also use other control variables (GROWTH, LEV, LIQUID, PROFIT, RISK and SIZE) that are based on fundamental measurement. From Table III, we can see that liquidity (LIQUID) is not significant. It means that liquidity level is not so much significant in explaining the firm operating performance. The other fundamental variables that are significant are LEV, GROWTH, PROFIT and SIZE. Firstly, leverage level has negative and significant relationship with the firm operating performance. The coefficient is -0.1282 at 1% level (t-statistic = -25.0485). The incremental in the leverage level of a firm decrease the firm operating performance by 0.1282 or 12.82% percentage points. This result is contrary with the agency cost hypothesis. The theory suggests that the choice of capital structure may help mitigate the agency costs. It means that high leverage ratio can reduce the agency cost of outside equity and increase firm value b y constraining or encouraging managers to act more in the interest of shareholders (Allen and Emilia, 2002). The greater portion of financial leverage will pressure the manager to work hard in order to entertain the interest of both bondholders and stockholders because they will be paid for that (incentives). Shortly, we can say that higher leverage can control the conflicts between shareholders and managers concerning the choice of investment and also improve the performance of the firms. However, the negatively significant coefficient is not entirely surprising because for high growth firm, normally exhibit a negative relationship between debt financing and performance (Kochhar, 1997). Moreover, high level of leverage also provides a negative signal to the investors. It means, when the leverage become higher, the expected cost of bankruptcy or financial distress will also be higher. Instead, it can raise the conflict between shareholders and bondholders. That is, according to Y ost (2002), stronger firm and industry performance in the period prior to restructuring increases the expected ability of the firm to generate future cash flows to service debt and decrease the probability. Therefore, managers need to control the optimum level of leverage in the company (Chung et.al., 2005). The second variable that significant in explaining the firm operating performance is growth that measures the growth of company. According to Table III, we find that the coefficient of growth level is positive, 0.0002, and significant at better than the 1% level (t-statistic = 14.1964). The increasing of growth level of the firm will increase the firms operating performance by 0.02 percentage points. The positive relation between growth rates to firm operating performance also has similar result with previous study done by Rahman and Limmack, 2004, on measurement of operating performance for corporate acquisition. They also found that rates of growth in operating assets ar e also significantly positive related to the firms performance. This might be due to the time period used, whereby in that period, Malaysia was one of the countries that have high rates of growth in the economy. The other control variables that is significant in explaining the operating performance is profitability level (PROFIT) that represented by return on asset of the company. The ROA is one of the indicators on how profitable a company is relative to its total assets (Investopedia, 2010). This is referred to as return on investment. For public companies, ROA can vary substantially and will be highly dependent on the industry. As we know that the assets of company are comprised of both debt and equity that will be used to fund the firm operation. The ROA figure gives investor an idea of how effectively the company is converting the money it has to invest into net income. The higher percentage of ROA is better. This is due to the company is earning more money on less invest ment. In this study, we find that coefficient of ROA (PROFIT), 0.0003 (t-statistic = 3.9049) that measure profitability is significant at 1% confidence level. Since it has positive relationship, the incremental of percentage of ROA will increase the operating performance by 0.0292 percentage points. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that profitability will impact the overall firm performance. In this study, business risk is perceived as the firms exposure to uncertainty. It can lead to the changes in firm operating cash flow and performance. Moreover, developing or changing a firms operating activities from particular industry to another industry could affect its operating performance. Other than that, we could define the risk in different term. For instance, if the firm increases their sales, it would also face the business risk if it overproduces the product to the customer. But, if the management decides to increase the sales and the customers give positive respon se on that, it can benefit the company and enhance the operating performance. Our finding shows that risk level has significant value to impact the operating performance of a firm. This coefficient (0.0048) is significant at 10% confidence level (t-statistic = 1.8897). It gives us notation that the incremental in risk level of the Malaysian companies will increase firm operating performance by 0.48 percentage points. Finally, the size of company shows positive, 0.0106 (t-statistic = 16.2080) and significant at 1% confidence level. Table III shows that the incremental of company size by 1% will increase its performance by 1.06 percentage points. This finding is contrary with many previous papers (e.g., Cornett et.al., 2007) which suggest that size of company would not so much impact on the performance. Table IV presents the regression of performance on governance and fundamental characteristics. By adopting Ozkan (2002), firstly, we run regression for model (1). Model (1) inclu des all variables whereas in the model (2), we exclude the variable that has insignificant coefficient. The adjusted R-squared for model (1) is 64% whereas 60% for model (2). The parameter estimated and test statistic for significant variables show almost similar result in both models and hence the in the following discussion the result of Model (1) will be used. This means 64% of the firm operating performance is explained by the corporate governance and other fundamental variables. The remaining is unexplained because there are other variable that might influence the firms operating performance. Table IV: Regression of performance on governance and fundamental characteristics Independent variable Model (1) Model (2) Number of ins. owner 0.0029*** (11.8768) 0.0032*** (11.1273) Fraction of ins. investor -0.000077 (-1.0715) Growth 0.0002*** (14.1964) 0.0002*** (11.8712) Leverage -0.1282*** (-25.0485) -0.1172*** (-32.3343) Liquidity -0.0001 (-0.6716) Profit 0.0003*** (3.9049) 0.0002*** (3.7418) Risk 0.0048* (1.8897) 0.0060** (2.4616) Size 0.0107*** (16.2080) 0.0099*** (20.2672) R2 64% 60% This methodology is similar with Ozkan (2002) and Arslan and Karan (2006) and using the lagged variables helps to ease the endogeneity problems. This study confirms our hypothesis and previous finding that there is significantly positive relation between a firm operating cash flow return and the number of institutional stock ownership (pressure-insensitive). In means concentration of corporate ownership could impact the operating performance for Malaysian listed companies. However, we also find that percentage of larger institutional investors is not significantly impact the operating performance for Malaysian listed companies. In addition, institutional investors are often seen as potentially one of the most important agents to monitor firm management. However, the diversity in their compo sition, attitudes and goals of these institutional owners result in considerable heterogeneity in their trading behavior and their relationship to firm performance (Pallathitta, 2005). Summary and Conclusion This study tests empirically the determinants of corporate operating performance of Malaysian listed companies in a viewpoint of institutional ownership. The fraction of shares owned by biggest institutional investor and number of all institutional investor in the company are the corporate governance variables and also completed by other fundamental variable that support the structured model in this study. There is also considerable to support the hypothesis that the number of all institutional investor has impact on the corporate operating performance. However, the findings do not support for the view that fraction of shares owned by five biggest institutional investors for Malaysian listed companies have impact on the firms operating performance. Moreover, the study also finds that there are others fundamental variables that affect the operating performance. Level of leverage has negative and significant relationship with the firm operating performance. This result is contrary with the agency cost hypothesis that suggest higher leverage can control the conflicts between shareholders and managers concerning the choice of investment and also improve the performance of the firms. However, the negatively significant coefficient is not entirely surprising because for high growth firm, normally exhibit a negative relationship between debt financing and performance. For the growth rate, we find that the coefficient of growth level is positive. The positive relation between growth rates to firm operating performance also has similar result with previous study done by Rahman and Limmack, 2004. Then, coefficient of ROA (PROFIT), 0.0003 (t-statistic = 3.9049) that measure profitability is significant at 1% confidence level. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that profitability will impact the overall firm performance. The coefficient of business risk is perceived as the firms exposure to uncertainty. It gives us notation that the incremental in ri sk level of the Malaysian companies will increase firm operating performance by 0.48 percentage points. Finally, the size of company shows positive, 0.0106 (t-statistic = 16.2080) and significant at 1% confidence level. Table III shows that the incremental of company size by 1% will increase its performance by 1.06 percentage points. This finding is contrary with many previous papers (e.g., Cornett et.al., 2007) which suggest that size of company would not so much impact on the performance. In addition, further study on this issue is needed because still there is insignificant relation between number of institutional ownership and corporate operating performance. This awaits future research.

Homelessness Is A Major And Growing Issue Worldwide

Visual Analysis Mr. Karr Cari Cost Homelessness is a major and growing issue worldwide. Homelessness is most times seen as a choice or a problem with a solution that is unattainable. Some advertisements are aiming to bring attention to the issue so often overlooked. Two advertisements are analyzed, one is of a man and his dog, both are clearly homeless. They are sinking into the ground on this side of the street. The second advertisement is a poster placed on the corner of a building, one side says one side of the poem and the other†¦show more content†¦The artist is trying to show how homeless people are literally sinking in homelessness. The man is the focal point of the picture, he is where the eye is first drawn. He is lying, half slumped against a glass windowed storefront on the charcoal colored sidewalk. He is caucasian, it’s almost hard to tell because of the dirt abiding on his face. He has greyish hair that goes down to his shoulders, accompanied by a greyish white beard that almost reaches his chest. He is wearing a grey long sleeved shirt, with a brown jacket. His hands are wrapped in black gloves that only cover his palms. His jeans are half brown with dirt.One leg isalsomt completely in the sidewalk, showing how homelessness is becoming even more of an issue than before. His shoes are like that of the gloves, almost half socks that do not cover his toes, only the soles. Next to him is â€Å"luggage†with various patterns. The man is holding a beer can in his right hand. This is the most astounding part of the picture. It shows how most homeless people are seen by the media and people who are not informed about the issue. Some people are afraid to give money because of the stigma placed on them. This is also where the theory that all homeless people have chosen this lifestyle, while that may be true for some, the majority of people do not choose to live in poverty. To

The Ansar Al Dine Terrorist Organization - 4056 Words

Running Head: UTILIZING HUMAN INTELLIGENCE TO TARGET ANSAR AL DINE 1 UTILIZING HUMAN INTELLIGENCE TO TARGET ANSAR AL DINE 19 Utilizing Human Intelligence to Target Ansar Al-Dine Derrick Prince United State of Army Center of Excellence Noncommissioned Officers Academy Human Intelligence Collector Advanced Leaders Course Abstract This paper talks about the Ansar al-dine terrorist organization, giving a brief background on how the group was formed, the leader of the terrorist organization, the tactics, techniques procedures and the goals objectives. The primary area that Ansar al- dine conducts their operations is in Mali, Africa. The primary focus of this paper is how Ansar Al-Dine functions within Mali. Throughout the paper we will identify the condition and effects of the Political, Military, Economics, Social, Information, Infrastructure, Physical Environment, and Time (PMESII-PT) variables in Mali. The paper will also explain Human Intelligence (HUMINT) response to the effects of each category of (PMESII-PT), in order to overcome issues and successfully conduct HUMINT Intelligence Operations in Mali. At the end of the paper an overall summery explaining if human intelligence operations will work in Mali, where Ansar Al dine operates. A reference page is also provided for further research. Ansar al-Dine History Formed in November 2011, a Foreign Terrorist Organization was created to function under the sharia law, they are now known asShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of The Decapitation Of Osama Bin Laden1601 Words   |  7 Pagesof Al Qaeda effective? Was it worth ten years of concentrated effort and resources? Some scholars would argue that his death was not the end of Al Qaeda as hoped but rather, it was counterproductive due to the type of organization Al Qaeda is, the structural changes Al Qaeda incurred after September 11th and the evidence of continued Al Qaeda activity since his death. In the case of Al Qaeda, the loss of their primary leader did not dampen their resolve or passion towards their organization. ThereRead MoreAid to Africa: A Review of the Efficacy of International Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa1695 Words   |  7 Pagesideologies, low human development, corrupt and oppressive governance, resource disputes, and poor economic performance (Oyeniyi 1). Governments all across North Africa were overthrown in the Arab Spring, and violent conflicts with extremist factions such as Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have resulted in large amounts of international military aid to this region. Proponents of military aid argue that the political instability the region currently faces precludes any meaningful economic or political

Analysis of Elaine Power Article Its Time to Close Canada Food Banks

Question: Describe about the Analysis Of Elaine Powers Article- It's time to close Canada's food banks? Answer: Introduction Food Bank is the place where the food is provided and donated at free of cost to those people who are in need of food. The food banks in Canada were set up to reduce the poverty-related food security issues. It was estimated that around 833,000 people in Canada still rely on the food banks for nutritional help and among those, one-third of them are children. It is quite evident that the lives of Canada people have been impacted due to food security (Cbc.ca, 2013). According to the article It's time to close Canada's food banks written by Elaine Power, determines the factors that have impact on the food security. Specifically, Power mainly emphasizes on the food security which is based on eating nutritious food for good especially for the populations who have low-income rate. There are various individual factors like personal preferences and food skills, cultural factors like values and norms and traditions, policy factors like institutional food policies and food labeling policies, s ocial factors like social support , gender etc are some of the determinants of health. This paper argues that there are various problems that are acting as barriers in the food bank system. Analysis Of The Article According to the author, food security can be defined as the uncertain or limited availability of nutritional safe and adequate foods or uncertain or limited capability to gain these suitable foods in a communally acceptable way. Power keeps on arguing that the food banks actually cannot mitigate the risks of food security. The reason behind such argument is that, she believes that many hungry people actually do not use the food bank system, as they believe that it is a shame for receiving handouts and also other who use the food banks generally live hungry as the food banks are unable to meet their demand due to tight supplies. She also notes that, in spite of energies and intentions of the volunteers or who work at food banks, the agencies are band-aids instead of solving the solutions of the issues due to which hunger increases (Power, 2011). According to Taber (2014), the latest statistic Canada report states that more than 1.7million household people or 4million Canadians are ma inly exaggerated by food security issues. This means that are quite worried about being able to feed their families or not(The Globe and Mail, 2014). Although, Power suggests that there are various factors that have a strong impact on the food security, it is very challenging to quantify the food security that actually varies with the house to house. Through all her arguments she kept on insisting that Poverty cannot be solved by the Food banks. Tackling poverty is like wrestling with various challenging issues and finding ideas to solve those issues. Thus, it is the time to make an effective political system that would help to solve poverty. It is the time for the government to take up the responsibilities to solve poverty (Flanagin Winker, 2006). They are mainly accountable for making sure that all the Canadians have adequate well-being and health that would at least help them to live a good standard of living. This is quite clear from this article that income is one of the most significant social determinants of health. Income levels, actually helps to shape the overall conditions of living, influences the behavior and health like good quality diet, proper physical activity etc and also have impact on the psychological functioning. Discussing the situation of Canada, it is quite understandable that the level of income actually determines the social determinant quality of health like housing, food security etc. It is to be noted that the low level income people predisposes social deprivation and material (Riches, 2014). The greater is the deprivation, the less likely is that families or the individuals can afford even the crucial prerequisites like housing, clothing and food. Thus, the deprivation contributes to the social exclusion by making it challenging for the participants to take part in recreational, educational and cultural activities. Thus, the social exclusion actually affects the health of an individual and also decreases the capabilities of satisfying the everyday life. Thus, these consequences cannot be managed by the food banks (foodbankscanada.ca, 2013). Power correctly suggests that it is the time for the government to look and solve the issue of poverty and income level. As Power says that food banks cannot solve the issue of poverty, however, discussing on the ways that she asserts need to be realized properly. She does not deny on the fact that the food bank really helps in reducing the poverty by feeding the hungry people, however, through her years of experiences in this area, she clearly tries to find various aspects of the food banks. She mainly argues that the food bank only can solve the issue for smaller segment (parl.gc.ca, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, as the poverty is day by day increasing in Canada and demand for food is also increasing, it is quite difficult for the food banks to meet the rising demand as they are able to supply only limit food. As the food bank is mainly set up by the charity people they are reluctant to take their services benefit and thus they have to leave the many people hungry as they have to accept the stigma by the charity. As the food banks mainly rely on the services of the charity people, they supply the food based on the limit provided by the charity people or the food donated by the other people in the society. Thus, it is making quite difficult for the food banks to develop a balance between the supply and the demand of the food. Lastly, another critique that the author brings in, in the article is that the food banks provide to minute supplement people and thus end-up by scattering resources in small area. She clearly concludes that income level is the main contributing factor in t he issue of food security and it is the duty of the government authorities to understand and solve the issue of hunger. References Cbc.ca,. (2013). 800,000 Canadians still relying on food banks. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/800-000-canadians-still-relying-on-food-banks-1.2366405 Flanagin, A., Winker, M. (2006). Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development. JAMA, 296(24), 2970. doi:10.1001/jama.296.24.2970 Flanagin, A., Winker, M. (2006). Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development. JAMA, 296(24), 2970. doi:10.1001/jama.296.24.2970 foodbankscanada.ca,. (2013). A comprehensive report on hunger and food bank use in Canada, and recommendations for change. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.foodbankscanada.ca/FoodBanks/MediaLibrary/HungerCount/HungerCount2013.pdf parl.gc.ca,. (2013). Income Inequality in Canada. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/Committee/411/FINA/WebDoc/WD6079428/411_FINA_IIC_Briefs%5CHamiltonRoundtableforPovertyReductionE.pdf Power, E. (2011). It's time to close Canada's food banks. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/its-time-to-close-canadas-food-banks/article587889/ Riches, G. (2014). Food banks dont solve food poverty. The UK must not institutionalise them | Graham Riches. the Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/food-banks-poverty-uk-canada-right-to-food The Globe and Mail,. (2014). The dilemma between healthy eating and staying above the poverty line. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/the-dilemma-between-healthy-eating-and-staying-above-the-poverty-line/article21150445/?page=all The Globe and Mail,. (2014). The dilemma between healthy eating and staying above the poverty line. Retrieved 6 February 2015, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/the-dilemma-between-healthy-eating-and-staying-above-the-poverty-line/article21150445/?page=all

The Child free essay sample

The Social Model of disability came about through the disability movement and other organisation campaigning for equal rights, opportunities and choices for disabled people. The social model of disability recognises that any problem of disability are created by society and its institution and that The Discrimination Acts are tools to help to improve the response of society to disability, also a wheel chair user is not hampered by their disability but by lack of adequate access to buildings. The social model may impact upon our practise as we would provide inclusive environments as a starting point for all children. The Scope website stated ‘The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society is organised, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference’. The medical model of disability views a disability as the problem also that disability is a tragic incurable fact that leaves the suffer with little chance of a normal life, people should be cared for in institutions and may not be able to be independent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If practitioners follow the medical model of disability this might impact upon our practise by viewing children with a disability as not being able to do anything the other children can do. The medical approach stresses the importance of curing and nowadays preventing disability as though disability is in some ways a tragedy. This has now resulted in screening in pregnancy so that parents can find out if their child is going to have a disability. E2). The legal requirements that support the actions to be taken when it is considered a child may have special needs. The government want to reform the Special Educational Needs (SEN) system to address problems which include parents having to battle to get the support their child needs also children falling between the gaps in services or having to undergo multiple tests, the government are going to by 2014 they are going to include parents in the assessments and give the parents control of funding for the support their child needs. With parents getting the money they might not know where to spend it as they might not have had the money before to spend, with the parents getting the money they have a greater choice of schools that they can send their child to and gives parents and the community groups the power to set up special free schools. The guardian states ‘More than one in five children in England are identified as having SEN – 21% of the school population in January 2010. Only 2. 7% have statements. More than half of the pupils, 11. 4%, are in the school action category. ’ To help children that have learning needs but not necessarily a special educational need we will work with SEN specialists as we develop the reading progress check for six years old to help identify children who require additional support. E3 + C ). The different types of provision available to support children with special needs and their families a voluntary organisation like Barnardo’s where staff just volunteer to work there to help children and their families, they have to find their own way to get money because the government don’t help with any money, they have charities and donations of people to run the business they might also ask for a pound or two for some groups they do to help with the funding. We believe we can bring out the best in every child whether the issue is child poverty, sexual exploitation, disability and domestic violence. † Barnardo’s set up groups for children and parents to go to, so they can talk and so the children can play with each other. Staffs help and support the children and their families. A statuary would be a school this is where children can have one to one support often a special needs or learning support assistant, theses only work alongside the children in the early years settings, through mainstream school parents and families will get support from social services and also get help with respite care, so the children can go for the weekend and have fun and play there this is gives the parents and families a rest as with some children it can be 24 hour every day. By the children going to respite care the children go there so the parents no their child is safe as it can be hard and distressing leaving their child somewhere else. Adults working with SEN children spend the majority of their time supporting that child however sometimes it’s the practitioners that needs the support. The role of the practitioners can be hard work and isn’t taken lightly, the practitioner needs support from other people around them to help promote their confidence and provide the correct provision for the children. A helpful support to practitioners could be the charity Mencap. Mencap work in partnership with people with a learning disability and all our services support people to live life as they choose. E5). One common condition is Dyslexia. It may be possible to detect symptoms of dyslexia before a child starts school. Possible symptoms include: * delayed speech development in comparison with other children of the same age * speech problems, such as not being able to pronounce long words properly and jumbling up phrases – for example, saying helicopter instead of helicopter, or beddy tear instead of teddy bear * problems expressing themselves using spoken language, such as being unable to remember the right word to use, or putting together sentences together incorrectly * little understanding or appreciation of rhyming words, such as the cat sat on the mat, or nursery rhymes * difficulty with, or little interest in, learning letters of the alphabet You can get Dyslexia from family history and genetics, children can get one to one support with spelling and writing and vocabulary, Dyslexia has effects on development with verbal memory, language and concentration. Dyslexic pupils benefit from early intervention to prevent slipping behind their peers. Where specialist support is offered at a lat e age, learning is less effective and self-esteem and emotional well-being may be considerably undermined. Dyslexic pupils will need individual support which is differentiated from that offered to low achieving pupils, addressing the very different learning style of the dyslexic brain, if pupils are to make significant progress. Ideally this should be offered by staff with some training in supporting dyslexic children. In some cases, one-to-one tuition from a specialist dyslexia teacher may be necessary. Practitioners support children within the setting the Class teachers need to have an understanding of the problems that the dyslexic child may have within the classroom situation. Hopefully, with this knowledge, a great deal of misunderstanding of a childs behaviour can be prevented. In a positive and encouraging environment, a dyslexic child will experience the feeling of success and self-value. Another professional that will help children with dyslexia is a one to one tuition from a specialist dyslexia teacher. E6). Ways to overcome barriers to achievement for children with special needs by having adapting the environment and the building this might mean putting a ramp down so the children can get in to the building it might also mean moving the classroom around so children with a walker or a wheelchair can get round the class room, it is also important to adapt activities in order to provide children with the opportunities to learn and feel successful. All children need to experience success in order to maintain motivation and promote a positive self-esteem. This means practitioners need to think about planned activities and consider their suitability for each individual. As practitioners we need to consider how best to adapt the activity in order for the child to have opportunities to learn and feel successful, this may mean changing the format to make it more or less challenging or using a different approach or media. Sometimes equipment and resources need to be modified in order that children can successfully use them, in some cases it is possible to make simple adaptations for example buttons on dressing up clothes may be substituted for Velcro. We also need to get parents involved in planning so we know how we can meet the child’s needs and also so the parents know how the child is getting on in school. An invisible barrier is teachers saying the child can’t do and activity because of their disability and the teachers not changing the lessons for the children, really practitioners should change the activity for each child’s learning needs so that all children are included in each activity and no one is left out of any activities done in the setting, each setting should have an inclusion policy in the setting which means practitioners have to follow the policy to include all the children in the activity, if they don’t they aren’t giving all the children the same chances as everyone else. All practitioners should encourage all children to join in activities together; an example of this could be getting other children to read to a child that has a visual impairment. E7). The role of the practitioner in maintaining the privacy and dignity of children in situations where intimate personal care such as toileting, practitioners would take the child out the room away from the other children and have another member of staff with us, also so making sure practitioners are following policies and procedures like telling other practitioners that you are toileting. As practitioners we need to make sure that we are getting the right training to support the children when toileting. It is important for practitioners to ask parents how we can meet the child’s needs are best met, and maintain privacy and respect of the child, one of the keys for practitioners is to be organised with pads, underwear and toiletries are ready, self-esteem is linked to independence this means that even in tiny ways it is important to support the children to help the child do as much as they can. Children with SEN often take medication. Practitioners will need to uphold knowledge pm the medication so they should research what they are providing to the child, if there could be any side effects what could happen? Communication should take place with the parent or carer to make sure when they should be taking it and if the practitioners will need appropriate training in order to safe guard the child and practitioner. Parents will need to give written consent as to what the practitioner is giving to the child. E8). One professional who supports the needs of children with special needs and their families is a Speech Therapist they are concerned with all aspects of communication, they assess children’s hearing, speech, language, check the mouth and tongue movement, they prepare individual programmes and exercises for children to help them acquire language. Speech therapists either work in the community, hospital clinics or schools; they also help children with cleft lip/palate, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment and stammer. Terms used is assessing speech impairment are fluency, Dysfluency, stutter/stammer, Avoidance behaviour. Signs to watch for and seek advice on birth to 3 months is mother not communicating with the baby or if the child is seriously ill, or having feeding problems. A child 3 to 6 months is silent most of the time and eye contact is not developing. A child 6 to 9 months does not respond to play, vocal and non-vocal and no consistent response to noise, a child 9 to 12 months not trying to communicate and not responding to single words and simple commands, a child 12 to 15 months unable to give a toy to a adult on request. Exercises that may help the children develop could be tongue exercises, blowing bubbles, different lip shapes, making noises with toys and adapting songs. Another professional who supports the eeds of children with special needs and their families is a Community Nurse in some areas community nurses visit schools and settings to help provide advice and support, they may undertake general health and work with parents or they may work with particular children and their famil ies. The Every Child Matters programme is a major focus on early year’s centres. The community nurse may assess the children with epilepsy, mental health and behavioural problems. The http://dera. ioe. ac. uk stated ‘Currently, few local community children’s nursing (CCN) services are able to meet the needs of all ill and disabled children and young people, who have been divided into four groups. These are: †¢ Children with acute and short-term conditions; †¢ Children with long-term conditions; Children with disabilities and complex conditions, including those requiring Continuing care and neonates; and †¢ Children with life-limiting and life-threatening illness, including those requiring Palliative and end-of-life care. ’ D). The importance of a sensitive, non-judgemental approach when working with children with special needs and their families, this is linked right through my assignment talking about that no two children are the same, each child have their own personality and interests and this requires that practitioners are sensitive and reflective. Observing children and thinking about their responses is therefore useful especially where a child’s communications skills are limited. As practitioners we see it as it’s important that many children with special needs are educated alongside their peers, many parents and families have a fight to get equal access to education for the child. As not all schools might have the support that the child may need and to government funding they may not be able to afford it. B). The benefits of an inclusive approach for the child with special needs, the concepts of inclusive education emphasis on schools and settings to adapt and be flexible enough to accommodate each and every child. Organisations seeking inclusive practice also point out the importance of significant funding as poor resources, both physical and human are often barriers to inclusive education. Inclusive education enables all students to participate fully in any mainstream schools, colleges or university it also has training and resources aimed at fostering every student’s equality and participation in all aspects of the life of the learning community, inclusive education aims to equip all people with the skills needed to build inclusive communities. Inclusive education is based on principles: * A person’s worth is independent of their abilities or achievements * Every human being able to feel and think * Every human being has a right to communicate and be heard * All humans beings need each other * Diversity brings strengths to all living system. If children with special needs are to take their place in society after school then, it is important for a school to be truly inclusive, and ending discrimination, removing barriers as talked about in E6, and welcoming and valuing all children. Local education authorities are required to educate children with special needs subject to parents’ wishes, I think it is important that if parents want their child to go in mainstream school they have the chance to go, and learn with other children. A). It is important that different professionals work together to help children and their families as they are there to help and support the child and the family. Multi-agency teams work together to provide benefits for children, young people and families because they receive tailor-made support in the most efficient way. The Education. gov website stated† Multi-agency working brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions to provide an integrated way of working to support children, young people and families†. The benefits of this include early identification and intervention, easier or quicker access to services or expertise, improved achievement in education and better engagement in education, better support for parents, children, young people and family’s needs addressed more appropriately, better quality services, reduced need for more specialist services. The teams work together to help the child meet their needs. A multi-professional approach is important because all the professionals need to work together to help the child and their family for example a child might have a speech impairment the professionals like the practitioner, health visitor and the speech therapist will all work together to help and support the child and the family all the professionals will have a meeting once a month if not more often. t is important for all the professionals to work together for the safety of the child and their family, if they dont work together a situation could end up like baby p, baby p died because professionals didnt work together and have regular meetings and communication. All the professionals need to work together so they know everything about the child and their family and the child and family are getting on and what professionals are working with the family. A multi-agency team helps a team of professionals that work together to support children and their families. A multi-agency team use the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) this supports children and young people who have a low level of additional needs. A multi-agency team will help professionals from relevant agencies to work together to assess the child or young person and therefore support development and learning appropriately. A multi-agency team need to have regular meetings to keep up with all the information; they also need to respect everyone’s views in the team as some people might have different views and opinions. The team of professionals need to have patience as there will be a lot of people in the team with questions to ask. They also need good communication with other members of the team, the children, the parents and the teacher. Good communications mean having emails, letters and information passed on correctly and on time. It also helps being well organised, also making sure they have a right date and time for a meeting.